Classification of All Life

Fred Allebach

CLASSIFICATION   Taxonomy, Phylogeny, Cladistics, Systematics:  Relations and similarities of all life

                                            

terms                                   human                      garlic

Kingdom                            Animalia                   Plantae                 

Phylum (Division)             Chordata                   Angiospermophyta

Subphylum*                     Vertebrata

Class                                Mammalia                  Monocotyledoneae

Order                                Primates                    Liliales

Family                              Hominoidea                Liliaceae

Genus                                Homo                          Alium

Species                             sapiens                      sativum

*intermediate levels can be added w/prefixes sub- and super-

FIVE KINGDOMS model

Monera- bacteria, cyanobacteria (blue-green algae/stromatolites), prokaryotes 

Protista- single celled eukaryotes, individual protozoans and some types of algae

Fungi-      molds, mushrooms

Plantae-   multicellular algae and land plants

Animalia- multicellular animals

Prokaryotes:  mostly small cells, all are microbes, many are strictly anaerobes (which are killed by oxygen) much simpler than....

Eukaryotes:   mostly large cells, some are microbes, most are large organisms, almost all are aerobic

Viruses -  non-cellular molecular parasites, line between organic and inorganic, living/not living, they are not cells, they are particles of genetic material and protein, can invade cells and take over metabolic processes and reproduce, have natural selection just as with "life", can be crystalline and inert, "as crystals they were clearly not living cells but some sort of inert entity." -see "the crystalline entity" on Star Trek: The Next Generation

Human viruses: Measles,  Rubella, Atypical pneumonia, common cold (Coryza viruses, Rhinoviruses) influenza, Hepatitis, Mononucleosis, Poliomyelitis, Mumps, Smallpox, Rabies, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, HIV

Phyla of Kingdom Animalia:  all the major types of animals

Protista, (Protozoa), includes certain plant-like organisms

Porifera: sponges

Placozoa: "scale-ozoa"

Cnidaria: (Coelenterata), hydras, jellyfish, sea anemones, corals, the cnidae or nematocysts are used to ensnare or poison prey                                                                                  

Ctenophora: sea gooseberries or comb jellies, similar to Cnidaria

Platyhelminthes: flat worms

Nemertea: littoral and marine worms, a few terrestrial genera

Rotifera: small, minute animals distinguished by a complex feeding apparatus

Nematomorpha: horse hair worms Order: Gordioidea, appears as long horse hair or violin string up to a meter long, in springs, streams and stagnant water, especially in the mountains (I saw one in Romero Canyon)

Nematoda: eel worms

Mollusca: bivalves, cephalopods, gastropods, brachiopods

Annelida: earth worms, tongue worms, segemented, worm-like animals

Onychophora: some features of annelids and arthropods

Arthropoda: insects, spiders, crustaceans (barnacles)

Echinodermata: spiny skinned: sea urchins, sea stars, sand dollars, sea cucumber, feather star, crinoids/ sea lilies

Chordata

CHORDATA

Superphyla: Craniata (Vertebrata) with cranium, visceral arches, vertebrae and brain,

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Gnathostomata: with jaws and usually paired appendages

Superclass: Pisces: paired fins, gills and skin w/scales

Class:  Placodermi: ancient fishes

           Chondrichthyes: sharks and rays, skeleton cartilage

           Osteichthyes: bony fishes

Superclass: Tetrapoda: paired limbs, lungs, cornified skin and bony skeleton

Class: Amphibia

          Reptilia

          Aves

          Mammalia

Class Amphibia 

Order Salientia          frogs and toads

          Caudata            salamanders

          Meanres            sirens (small front legs no tail)

          Gymnophiona      no limbs, tropics

Class Reptilia

Subclass Anapsida

Order Cotylosauria                 primitive ancestors

Order Testudines                    turtles

Subclass Euryapsida               ancient marine reptiles

Subclass Ichthyopterygia        ancient fish-like reptiles

Subclass Lepidosauria              diapsids

Order Rhynchocephalia              primitive lizard-like

Order Squamata                        advanced lepidosaurians: lizards, snakes, amphisbaenids

Subclass Archosauria                four extinct orders including dinosaurs and pterosaurs

Order Crocodilia                       alligators (el legarto) and crocodiles

Subclass Synapsida

Order Pelycosauria                     early mammal-like reptiles

Order Therapsida                         advanced mammal-like reptiles

Class Mammalia

                               

Order Marsupiala

         Insectivora                     tenrecs, shrews, moles, hedgehog

         Edentata                         sloths, anteaters, armadillos

         Pholidota                         pangolin

         Tubilidentata                  aardvark

         Chiroptera                       bats

         Dermoptera                      flying lemur

         Primates                          monkeys, apes, humans

         Carnivora                          Canids, Mustelids, Ursids, Viverrids, Procyonids,

                                                   Felids, Hyaenids, Phocids, Otarids

         Proboscidea                     elephants

         Sirenia                             manatee, sea cow

         Hyracoidea                        conies

         Perissodactyla                  odd-toes ungulates: tapirs, rhinos, horses

         Artiodactyla                      even-toed ungulates: pigs, camels, deer, sheep,

                                                   goats, giraffes, antelope, cattle

         Cetaceae                            whales

         Rodentia                             rodents, gnawing mammals

         Lagomorpha                         rabbits, hares

Class Aves

Order Struthioniformes                 ostriches

          Rheiformes                          rheas

          Casuariiformes                    cassowaries

          Aepyornithiformes              elephant birds: turkey to ostrich sized flightless

                                                     birds of Africa and Madagascar: EXTINCT historically

          Dinorthiformes                    moas, EXTINCT w/in last 300 years

          Apterygiformes                   kiwis

          Tinamiformes                      tinamous: Mexico to S. America

          Gaviformes                           loons

          Sphenisciformes                   penguins

          Podicipediformes                  grebes

          Procellariiformes                 albatrosses, shearwaters, fulmars, petrels,

                                                        tropic birds

          Pelecaniformes                  pelicans, gannets, cormorants, aningha, frigate bird

          Ciconiiformes                      herons, bitterns, storks, ibises

Subphyla: Agnatha: no true jaws or paired appendages

Class: Ostracodermi: ancient armored fishes

           Cyclostomata: lampreys and hagfish

Superphyla Acrania: no cranium or brain

Phylum Chordata

Subphyla: Hemichordata: notochord short, anterior, nerve tissues in epidermis

Class: Enteropneusta: tongue worms (annelids?)

          Pterobranchia:

          Graptozoa: graptolites: colonial, branched, w/ chitinous covering

Subphyla: Tunicata:

Class: Larvacea: tadpole-like

          Ascidiacea: ascidians, tunic w/ scattered muscles, many gill slits

          Thaliacea: chain tunicates, tunic w/ circular muscle bands

          

Subphyla: Cephalochordata: notochord and nerve chord along entire body

Class: Leptocardii: Lancelets, slender, fish-like, no scales, many gill slits

Division Plantae:  one method

Algae: one celled, colonial or many celled w/ chlorophyl and no true root, stem or leaf

Phaeophyta: brown algae

Chlorophyta: green algae

Rhodophyta: red algae

Land Plants:

Nonvascular Plants:

Bryophyta: bryophytes, moss

Hepatophyta: liverworts

Anthocerophyta: hornworts

Vascular Plants:

Seedless Plants:

Psilophyta: whisk ferns

Pteridophyta/ Filicinophyta: ferns

Sphenophyta: horsetails: Geneus Equisetum

Lycophyta: club moss:

Seed plants:

Gymnosperms:

Cycadophta: cycads :         

Ginkgophyta: Ginkgos :     

Gnetophyta:                                         

Coniferophyta: conifers

Angiosperms:    

Anthophyta:

Kingdom Fungi:

acotyledonous or cryptogamous plant, mushrooms, mold, mildew, rust

LICHEN:  cryptogamous plant w/out stem or leaf consisting of algae and fungi growing in close association

A modified two division scheme of plants and animals with no separate Kingdoms of Protista or Fungi, 1987:

Superkingdom Prokaryota

Kingdom A             Monera

  Division 1               Schizonta              Bacteria

  Division 2               Cyanophyta            Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)

  Division 3               Prochlorophyta

 

Superkingdon Eukaryota

  Kingdom A        Phyta (plants)

    Division 1         Chlorophyta                Green algae

    Division 2         Charophyta                 Charophytes

    Division 3         Euglenophyta              Euglenids

    Division 4         Chrysophyta               Golden algae

    Division 5         Phaophyta                  Brown algae

    Division 6         Pyrrhophyta               Dinoflagellates

    Division 7         Rhodophyta                Red algae

    Division 8         Hepatophyta               Liverworts

    Division 9         Anthceratophyta        Hornworts

    Division 10       Bryophyta                   Mosses

    Division 11       Psilotophyta               Psilophytes

    Division 12       Microphyllophyta        Club and spike mosses

    Division 13       Arthrophyta                Horsetails and sphenopsids

    Division 14       Pteridophyta               Ferns

    Division 15       Cycadophyta                Cycads

    Division 16       Ginkgophyta                 Ginkgo

    Division 17       Coniferophyta              Conifers

    Division 18       Gnetophyta                   none

    Division 19        Anthophyta                 Flowering plants

Kingdom B          Mycetae (Fungi)

    Division 1          Myxomycota                Slime molds

    Division 2          Acrasiomycota            Cellular slime molds

    Division 3          Chytridiomycota

    Division 4          Oomycota                     Posteriorly uniflagellate fungi

    Division 5          Zygomycota                  Bread molds and others

    Division 6          Ascomycota                 Sac fungi

    Division 7          Basidiomycota             Club fungi

    Division 8          Deuteromycota             Imperfect fungi  

Superkingdom Animalia

It has become clear that there is no agreement on how to exactly break down the relations between all life. That we are all related is of no question. The lumpers group and the splitters divide.6